Historical Impact Assessment (HIA) for Flood in Sudan

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In 2023, the Sudan Red Cresent (SRCS), German Red Cross (GRC), the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Center (RCRCCC) and the Heidelberg Institute for Geoinformation Technology (HeiGIT) worked on an Early Action Protocol (EAP) for riverine floods along the River Nile in Sudan. One of the fundamental tasks while working on an EAP is to conduct a Historical Impact Assessment (HIA), for the particular hazard. The team of HeiGIT was responsible for this particular task and this article will tell the story of how they tackled the task. Due to the outbreak of hostilities in Sudan in 2023, the team could only rely on public data from the internet and some reports and data provided by SRCS. By the end of 2023, the team had collected, 3.204 rows of data from 60 sources, covering the timeframe from 2012 to 2023.

Why is a Historical Impact Assessment (HIA) Important?

A HIA has two purposes. First, understanding in detail what kind of problems are caused by a particular hazard, allows people to make informed decisions on the selection of early actions to counter those problems. Secondly, without a good understanding of which magnitude of flood causes significant humanitarian impact, one can not adjust trigger levels accordingly to tackle those significant events.

Task

Conduct an HIA to gain a detailed understanding of the impact of past flood events on the highest spatial and temporal resolution possible.

Challenges

What were the main problems and challenges we faced while conducting the HIA?

Challange 1: Scatert information on flood impacts

The one BIG challenge in this case was that there are no good datasets on flood impacts in Sudan. Practically, all information is scattered across a huge number of reports, maps, tables, dashboards and newspaper articles. Such documents can be found for example on RelifeWeb.

Challange 2: How to get diverse data in one easy-to-use data format

Since all information about flood impacts is contained in such a diverse range of documents and formats, it is difficult to bring the information together in one dataset.

Challange 3: Differentiating between riverine flood impacts and flash flood impacts

Riverine and flash floods often occur at the same time in the same place, so it is almost impossible to state what was the exact cause of the impact. And even when there was a single flash flood event, in reports it is often referred to as a flood. Hence, there is the real risk that impacts caused by flash floods are listed as river flood impacts.

Key concept of our methodology

Our goal was to store all available impact information in one table or dataset. If we would use a classic weight table we would end up with a super clumsy table since there are so many different types of impacts a flood can cause. To avoid that we decided to use a long table. The advantages of a long table over a classic wider table in this context are:

Advantages
Flexibility	Long tables can accommodate a variable number of attributes, making them suitable for diverse datasets.
Scalability	They can handle large datasets efficiently, making them suitable for compiling extensive information.
Ease of Integration	Simplifies the integration of data from various sources, providing a consistent structure.
Compatibility	Many analysis tools work well with long-format data, making it easier to analyze and derive insights.

Step by Step HIA Sudan

Step 1: Area of Interest

The Area of Interest (AOI) for the HeiGIT team was formally limited to Khartoum, Northern, White Nile and Sennar. However, the analysis and data collection were conducted for all states of Sudan.

Step 2. Finding Flood Disaster Timeframes

We want to tie single pieces of information like impacts, to knowen flood events in Sudan. Thus we first need a comprehensive list of such events. In the case of Sudan, there are two sources, EM-DAT and RelifeWeb. EM-DAT is a disaster database that lists events above a certain severity. RelifeWeb is actually an information platform for humanitarian response. But it has a list of active and past disasters as well. Both databases list the same events for the most part. By comparing the two datasets and only selecting unique events, we receive a list of all significant flood events in Sudan and the timeframes of all events.

• EM-Dat lists 21 flood events in Sudan from 2000 to 2024

• Relief Web lists 29 events between 1988 and 2024

In total, there were 35 flood events reported between 1988 and 2021 In some cases, the start and end dates cannot precisely be identified. This is not a problem, we only want to have a rough overview about when there have been floods.

Flood Events List

Start Year	Start Date	End Date
1988	1988-08-06	1988-09-15
1994	1994-09-20	1988-10-21
1996	1996-08-12	1996-10-23
1998	1998-09-04	1998-10-15
2001	2001-08-06	2001-09-13
2002	2002-08-03	2002-08-03
2003	2003-07-28	2003-08-21
2005	2005-08-29	2005-09-06
2005	2005-07-14	2005-07-15
2006	2006-08-13	2006-09-26
2006	2006-08-07	2006-08-07
2007	2007-07-03	2007-10-08
2009	2009-08-16	2009-08-26
2010	2010-07-10	2010-07-15
2010	2010-07-01	2010-10-07
2012	2012-08-01	2012-08-12
2013	2013-08-01	2013-08-21
2014	2014-07-25	2014-09
2015	2015-08-08	2015-08-09
2017	2017-06-30	2017-08-14
2018	2018-06-18	2018-06-27
2018	2018-07-23	2018-07-30
2019	2019-06-08	2019-06-18
2020	2020-06	2020-09-09
2021	2021-07-20	2021-09-24

Step 3: Selecting datasets

Now we search for datasets and other information for each of the flood events identified in step 2. Naturally, it will be much easier to find information on more recent events. This process can take a lot of time and sometimes needs multiple iterations.

There are three principal sources of datasets. The Sudan Red Cresent Society (SRCS), RelifeWeb and Floodlist.

Sudan Red Crescent Society (SRCS)
SRCS has documentation about flood impacts and past operations. Furthermore, SRCS was able to source some datasets from the Sudan National Council for Civil Defence (NCCD) and the Sudan Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC).

ReliefWeb
ReliefWeb is the largest database for humanitarian reports and bulletins. The datasets are very conveniently organized based on specific flood events. This makes it easy to match information with an event.

Flood List
Floodlis is a news portal all about floods. The articles are ordered chronologically.

Of course, much information from the different sources is redundant. A significant part of the work is to sift through the datasets and identify unique information.

Datasets

We use the term data set to refer to all types of publications from which we can obtain data. In the table below we list typical datasets used in the Sudan HIA. Remember, we can pull all kinds of information out of a dataset. It does not have to be quantitative or in table format or anything like that. It can also be info directly from texts or graphics.

Typical Publishing Organisation (Examples)	Type	Example	Typical Features
IFRC	Emergency Plan of Action	Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Sudan: Floods 2018	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
IFRC	Flood Interagency Assessment Reports	Not public	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
IFRC	Government Datasets	Not public	Tables in many different forms
UN OCHA	Humanitarian Bulletins	Sudan Humanitarian Bulletin Issue 18/ 8 October – 4 November 2018	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
UN OCHA	(Flood) Situation Reports	SUDAN Situation Report 13 Nov 2020	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
UN OCHA	Humanitarian Snapshots	Sudan: Humanitarian Snapshot - September 2021 (as of 18 October 2021)	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
UN OCHA	Dashboards	Sudan Floods: People & areas affected 25 October 2022	Data in Excel or CSV data format
World Bank	Large Reports	Sudan Rapid Post Disaster Needs and Recovery Assessment (Rapid PDNRA)	Tables; Graphics; Maps; Info directly from texts
Floodlist	Newspaper Articles	Sudan – North Darfur Town Devastated by Rains, Flash Floods	Info directly from texts

Data selection parameters

In general, we can use any kind of dataset e.g. reports, maps, bulletins, tables…. However, we do not need to check all datasets available for one event. The selection of datasets is based on two principal parameters.

Currentness

The assumption is that later after the event, the picture of what happens becomes clearer, thus the data report is more reliable. This means., if you have multiple similar datasets containing similar data, chose the newer one.

In this example, the later map from the 13th of November shows more affected people for instance in Central Darfur the the map publihsed on the 9th of November.

SUDAN Situation Report 09 Nov 2020

SUDAN Situation Report 13 Nov 2020

Uniqueness It is important to not only use data from one source becaus of confience. The assumption is that different organisations have different capacities and work in different areas, thus they may have better information in some locations of sectors than other organisations.

Dataset ID

When selecting datasets it is important to save the datasets on your computer. To be able to later retrace which piece of information was taken from which datasets, we have to give the datasets unique identification codes. In the Sudan project, we used the simple structure year of the flood the document is referring to (for example 2019), the publishing organisation (for example IFRC) and the publishing date (for example 20191003).

Step 3: Outcome

At the end of the selection process, you should have multiple relevant datasets with IDs for every event, covering all relevant areas and sectors.

All datasets with ID used by HeiGIT

2012	2013	2014	2016	2017
2012_IFRC_20120531.pdf	2013_Floodlist_20130816.pdf	2014_Floodlist_20140801.pdf	2016_IFRC_20160902.pdf	2017_floodlist_20170825.pdf
2012_IFRC_20120910.pdf	2013_Floodlist_20130827.pdf	2014_Floodlist_20140804.pdf	2016_OCHA_20160828.pdf	2017_floodlist_20170829.pdf
	2013_IFRC_20131010.pdf	2014_Floodlist_20140814.pdf		2017_floodlist_20170905.pdf
	2013_OCHA_20130915.pdf	2014_Floodlist_20140920.pdf		2017_floodlist_20170906.pdf
	2013_OCHA_20130919.pdf	2014_IFRC_20140925.pdf		2017_HAC_20170919.pdf
	2013_OCHA_20130930.pdf	2014_OCHA_20140909.pdf
	2013_OCHA_HAC_20130902.pdf	2014_OCHA_20140914.pdf
		2014_RelifeWeb_20140915.pdf
		2014_RelifeWeb_20141009.pdf
		2014_SRCS_20140903.pdf

2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	Extra
2018_floodlist_20180625.pdf	2019_ECHO_20190906.pdf	2020_OCHA_20201025.pdf	2021_OCHA_20211011.xlsx	2022_OCHA_20221025.xlsx	HAC_1_affected.pdf
2018_floodlist_20181105.pdf	2019_floodlist_20190613.pdf	2020_PDNRA_20210531.pdf	2021_OCHA_20211018.pdf		Interagency_mission2022.pdf
2018_floodlist_DG_ECHO_20180824.pdf	2019_floodlist_20190816.pdf				NCCD_1_Impact.xlsx
2018_IFRC_20180813.pdf	2019_floodlist_20190821.pdf
2018_OCHA_20180819.pdf	2019_floodlist_20190901.pdf
2018_OCHA_20181104.pdf	2019_floodlist_20191008.pdf
	2019_OCHA_20191003.pdf

Step 4: Preparing Excel table Structure

Before we can start compiling data, we need to prepare the table structure we will use. The table needs to accommodate four components. Date, data source, location,and impact information.

Date

The date information must accommodate the flood event information from the list of flood events prepared in Step 2. And potential dates of specific impact information. The date portion of the whole Excel table would look like this:

Start Year	Start Date	End Date	Date
2018	2018-07-01	2018-08-29	2018-07-12
2019	2019-06-01	2019-06-31
2020	2020-07-20	2020-08-11

Data source

This section is simply one column with the ID of the dataset from which the particular information was taken.

source_ID
2018_OCHA_20180819.pdf
2019_floodlist_20190613.pdf
2020_PDNRA_20210531.pdf

Location

Practical all impact information refers to state, locality, town or refugee/IDP camp level. This means we need a column for each of these levels and one column to indicate the level the information is referring to. In this way, we can later filter for all information on for example locality level.

admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp
State	West Kordofan
Locality	South Darfur	Beliel
Camp	South Darfur	Beliel		Kalma Camp

In the Sudan HIA, most of the information has been on the state level, whereas the team found very little information on the camp level.

Admin_level	Number of informations
State	1,979
Locality	596
Town/ Village	565
IDP & Refugee Camp	63

Tipp: We highly recommend using the English names of states and localities which are compatible with P-codes. Those can be found here.

Admin 1 - States

ADM1_EN	ADM1_AR	ADM1_PCODE
Abyei PCA	إدارية أبيي	SD19
Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Sennar	سنار	SD14
South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09

Admin 2- Localities

ADM2_EN	ADM2_AR	ADM2_PCODE	ADM1_EN	ADM1_AR	ADM1_PCODE
Abassiya	العباسية	SD07090	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Abu Hamad	أبو حمد	SD16008	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Abu Hujar	أبو حجار	SD14037	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Abu Jabrah	أبو جابرة	SD05140	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Abu Jubayhah	أبو جبيهة	SD07088	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Abu Karinka	أبو كارنكا	SD05155	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Abu Kershola	أبو كرشولا	SD07104	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Abu Zabad	أبو زبد	SD18028	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Abyei	أبيي	SD18087	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Abyei PCA area	إدارية أبيي	SD19001	Abyei PCA	إدارية أبيي	SD19
Ad Dabbah	الدبة	SD17019	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Ad Dali	الدالي	SD14039	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Ad Damar	الدامر	SD16011	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Ad Dinder	الدندر	SD14040	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Ad Diwaim	الدويم	SD09044	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Ad Du’ayn	الضعين	SD05142	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Adila	عديلة	SD05139	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Ag Geneina	الجنينة	SD04115	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Agig	عقيق	SD10072	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Aj Jabalain	الجبلين	SD09051	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Al Buhaira	البحيرة	SD16014	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Al Buram	البرام	SD07099	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Al Burgaig	البرقيق	SD17016	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Al Butanah	البطانة	SD12073	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Dibab	الدبب	SD18103	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Al Fao	الفاو	SD12074	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Fashaga	الفشقة	SD12075	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Fasher	الفاشر	SD02114	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Al Firdous	الفردوس	SD05152	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Al Galabat Al Gharbyah - Kassab	القلابات الغربية - كساب	SD12078	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Ganab	القنب	SD10069	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Al Gitaina	القطينة	SD09050	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Al Golid	القولد	SD17018	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Al Hasahisa	الحصاحيصا	SD15034	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Al Idia	الأضية	SD18104	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Al Kamlin	الكاملين	SD15035	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Al Khiwai	الخوي	SD18105	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Al Koma	الكومة	SD02116	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Al Kurmuk	الكرمك	SD08106	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Al Lagowa	لقاوة	SD18102	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Al Lait	اللعيت	SD02169	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Al Leri	الليري	SD07105	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Al Mafaza	المفازة	SD12082	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Malha	المالحة	SD02117	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Al Manaqil	المناقل	SD15036	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Al Matama	المتمة	SD16009	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Al Meiram	الميرم	SD18106	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Al Quoz	القوز	SD07094	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Al Qurashi	القرشي	SD15037	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Al Qureisha	القريشة	SD12076	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Al Radoum	الردوم	SD03141	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Al Wihda	الوحدة	SD03150	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
An Nuhud	النهود	SD18022	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Ar Rahad	الرهد	SD12084	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Ar Rahad	الرهد	SD13030	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Ar Rashad	الرشاد	SD07093	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Ar Reif Ash Shargi	الريف الشرقي	SD07097	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Ar Rusayris	الروصيرص	SD08107	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
As Salam - SD	السلام - ج د	SD03166	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
As Salam - WK	السلام - غ ك	SD18086	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
As Salam / Ar Rawat	السلام / الراوات	SD09049	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
As Serief	السريف	SD02118	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
As Suki	السوكي	SD14041	Sennar	سنار	SD14
As Sunta	السنطة	SD03156	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
As Sunut	السنوط	SD18092	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Assalaya	عسلاية	SD05163	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
At Tadamon - BN	التضامن - ن ق	SD08108	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
At Tadamon - SK	التضامن - ج ك	SD07106	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
At Tawisha	الطويشة	SD02119	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
At Tina	الطينة	SD02171	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Atbara	عطبرة	SD16012	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Azum	أزوم	SD06110	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Babanusa	بابنوسة	SD18100	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Bahr Al Arab	بحر العرب	SD05160	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Bahri	بحري	SD01003	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Bara	بارا	SD13026	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Barbar	بربر	SD16013	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Basundah	باسندة	SD12077	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Baw	باو	SD08104	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Beida	بيضا	SD04111	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Beliel	بليل	SD03162	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Bendasi	بندسي	SD06112	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Buram	برام	SD03161	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Damso	دمسو	SD03172	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Dar As Salam	دار السلام	SD02113	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Delami	دلامي	SD07107	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Delgo	دلقو	SD17015	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Dilling	الدلنج	SD07095	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Dongola	دنقلا	SD17017	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Dordieb	درديب	SD10063	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Ed Al Fursan	عد الفرسان	SD03143	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Ed Damazine	الدمازين	SD08105	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Foro Baranga	فور برنقا	SD04121	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Gala’a Al Nahal	قلع النحل	SD12079	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Galabat Ash-Shargiah	القلابات الشرقية	SD12083	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Gebrat Al Sheikh	جبرة الشيخ	SD13027	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Geisan	قيسان	SD08109	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Gereida	قريضة	SD03153	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Ghadeer	غدير	SD07108	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Gharb Bara	غرب بارا	SD13029	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Gharb Jabal Marrah	غرب جبل مرة	SD06131	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Ghubaish	غبيش	SD18021	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Guli	قلي	SD09052	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Habila - SK	هبيلة - ج ك	SD07103	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Habila - WD	هبيلة - غ د	SD04122	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Hala’ib	حلايب	SD10066	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Halfa	حلفا	SD17014	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Halfa Aj Jadeedah	حلفا الجديدة	SD11052	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Haya	هيا	SD10070	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Heiban	هيبان	SD07096	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Janub Al Jazirah	جنوب الجزيرة	SD15031	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Jebel Awlia	جبل أولياء	SD01001	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Jebel Moon	جبل مون	SD04123	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Jubayt Elma’aadin	جبيت المعادن	SD10067	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Kadugli	كادقلي	SD07098	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Karrari	كرري	SD01005	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Kas	كاس	SD03144	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Kateila	كتيلا	SD03159	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Kebkabiya	كبكابية	SD02124	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Keilak	كيلك	SD18085	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Kelemando	كلمندو	SD02126	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Kereneik	كرينك	SD04125	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Kernoi	كرنوي	SD02168	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01007	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Kosti	كوستي	SD09047	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Kubum	كبم	SD03157	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Kulbus	كلبس	SD04127	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Kutum	كتم	SD02128	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Madeinat Al Gedaref	مدينة القضارف	SD12080	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Madeinat Kassala	مدينة كسلا	SD11053	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Medani Al Kubra	مدني الكبري	SD15030	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Melit	مليط	SD02129	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Mershing	مرشنج	SD03145	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Merwoe	مروي	SD17020	Northern	الشمالية	SD17
Mukjar	مكجر	SD06130	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Nitega	نتيقة	SD03151	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Nyala Janoub	نيالا جنوب	SD03167	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Nyala Shimal	نيالا شمال	SD03164	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Port Sudan	بورتسودان	SD10064	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Rabak	ربك	SD09046	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Rehaid Albirdi	رهيد البردي	SD03158	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Reifi Aroma	ريفى أروما	SD11055	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Gharb Kassala	ريفى غرب كسلا	SD11054	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Hamashkureib	ريفى همش كوريب	SD11058	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Kassla	ريفى كسلا	SD11056	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Khashm Elgirba	ريفى خشم القربة	SD11060	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Nahr Atbara	ريفى نهر عطبرة	SD11062	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Shamal Ad Delta	ريفى شمال الدلتا	SD11057	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Telkok	ريفى تلكوك	SD11059	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Reifi Wad Elhilaiw	ريفى ود الحليو	SD11061	Kassala	كسلا	SD11
Saraf Omra	سرف عمرة	SD02133	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Sawakin	سواكن	SD10068	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Sennar	سنار	SD14038	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Shamal Jabal Marrah	شمال جبل مرة	SD06132	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Sharg Aj Jabal	شرق الجبل	SD03147	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Sharg Al Jazirah	شرق الجزيرة	SD15033	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Sharg An Neel	شرق النيل	SD01004	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Sharg Sennar	شرق سنار	SD14042	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Shattaya	شطاية	SD03154	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Sheikan	شيكان	SD13024	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Shendi	شندي	SD16010	River Nile	نهر النيل	SD16
Shia’ria	شعيرية	SD05148	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Sinja	سنجة	SD14043	Sennar	سنار	SD14
Sinkat	سنكات	SD10071	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Sirba	سربا	SD04134	West Darfur	غرب دارفور	SD04
Soudari	سودري	SD13025	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Talawdi	تلودي	SD07089	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Tawila	طويلة	SD02170	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Tawkar	طوكر	SD10065	Red Sea	البحر الأحمر	SD10
Tendalti	تندلتي	SD09048	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Tulus	تلس	SD03149	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Um Algura	أم القري	SD15032	Aj Jazirah	الجزيرة	SD15
Um Bada	أمبدة	SD01002	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Um Baru	أم برو	SD02120	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Um Dafoug	أم دافوق	SD03146	South Darfur	جنوب دارفور	SD03
Um Dam Haj Ahmed	أم دم حاج أحمد	SD13028	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Um Dukhun	أم دخن	SD06135	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Um Durein	أم دورين	SD07091	South Kordofan	جنوب كردفان	SD07
Um Durman	أم درمان	SD01006	Khartoum	الخرطوم	SD01
Um Kadadah	أم كدادة	SD02136	North Darfur	شمال دارفور	SD02
Um Rawaba	أم روابة	SD13023	North Kordofan	شمال كردفان	SD13
Um Rimta	أم رمتة	SD09045	White Nile	النيل الأبيض	SD09
Wad Al Mahi	ود الماحي	SD08110	Blue Nile	النيل الأزرق	SD08
Wad Bandah	ود بندة	SD18029	West Kordofan	غرب كردفان	SD18
Wadi Salih	وادي صالح	SD06137	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Wasat Al Gedaref	وسط القضارف	SD12081	Gedaref	القضارف	SD12
Wasat Jabal Marrah	وسط جبل مرة	SD06139	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06
Yassin	يس	SD05165	East Darfur	شرق دارفور	SD05
Zalingi	زالنجى	SD06138	Central Darfur	وسط دارفور	SD06

Impact information

The actual impact information consists of two parts. One part is always the impact type. This explain what happened. For example, people were affected by the flood, the cholera broke out or schools got damaged.

The other part is either the impact quantity or the impact quality. It can not be both! The impact quantity describes simply how many of something. How many people have been affected? How many schools got damaged?

The impact quality is used if something cannot be described with numbers but with “Yes” or “No”. For example, there was a disease outbreak of cholear. Cholera is not a number. Yes there was cholera outbreak. Or a locality was affected -> Yes the locality was affected.

Hence we need three columns to describe impacts: impact_typ, impact_quality and impact_quantity.

impact_typ	impact_quality	impact_quantity
houses_damaged_totaly	2500
deaths	6
disease_cholera		yes

It makes sense to list some of the basic impact types we are interested in or which are very commonly reported. Such as affected people or deaths. The list of impact types can be extended on the fly. It is however important to stay consistent. The HeiGIT team used 75 different impact types. You can find the whole list below.

Impact taypes used in Sudan HIA

Impact Type	Description
Affected
Agricultural_land_affected
Agriculturalsectors_fedan
Agriculture_Affected
Agriculture_Bananplantation_damged_totally
Agriculture_crops_damaged
Agriculture_Livestock_crops_damaged
Deaths
Diseases
Economic
Evacuation
Event
Eviromental_sanitation
Flooding
Foodprice_increas
Healt_center_affected
Health_damaged_partially
Health_damaged_totally
HH_Affected
HH_displaced
Houses_damaged_partially
Houses_damaged_totally
Infrastructure_damaged_partially
Infrastructure_electricity_damaged_partially
Injuries
Institutions_damaged_partially
Institutions_damaged_totally
Livestock_Cattle
Livestock_Deaths
Livestock_Goats
Livestock_Poultry
Livestock_Sheep
Mosques_damaged_partally
Mosques_damaged_totally
Mosquitos
Others
Pop_affected
Pop_displaced
Problem_Health_access
Problem_Water_access
Protection_Issus
Public_facilities_damaged_partially
Public_facilities_damaged_totally
Public_facilities_damged_partially
Public_facilities_damged_totally
Public_facilities_schools_affected
Sanitation_partially
School_dropout
Schools_affeacted
Schools_damaged_partially
Schools_damaged_totally
Schools_Primary_damaged_partially
Schools_Primary_damaged_totally
Schools_Secondary_damaged_partially
Schools_Universities_damaged_partially
Shelter
Shops_damaged_partally
Shops_damaged_totally
Villages_affacted
WASH_damaged_partally
WASH_damaged_totally
WASH_drinking_river
WASH_home_latrines_damaged_partially
WASH_latriens_damaged_totally
WASH_latrines_affected
WASH_latrines_damaged_partially
WASH_latrines_damaged_partially
WASH_Latrines_damaged_totally
WASH_latrines_damaged_totaly
WASH_open_defecation
WASH_sewage_damaged_totally
WASH_Water_station_affected
WASH_Water_station_source_damaged_partially
WASH_Water_station_source_damaged_totally
WASH_watersource_contaminated

Step 4: Outcome

Now we have your final table structure. We can put ALL information from the selected datasets we deem relevant into this table structure thus creating a consistent historical impact dataset.

Start Year	Start Date	End Date	Date	source_ID	admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp	impact_typ	impact_quality	impact_quantity
2018	2018-07-01	2018-08-29	2018-07-12	2018_OCHA_20180819.pdf	State	West Kordofan				disease_outbreak	Cholera
2019	2019-06-01	2019-06-31		2019_floodlist_20190613.pdf	Locality	South Darfur	Beliel			deaths		6
2020	2020-07-20	2020-08-11		2020_PDNRA_20210531.pdf	Camp	South Darfur	Beliel		Kalma Camp	houses_damaged_totaly		2500

Step 5: Data compiling

During the data compilation, we simply identify the relevant information in the dataset and transfer it into the table. Below you can find some examples of the process.

Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Sudan: Floods 2018

This is a small extract from Emergency Plan of Action (EPoA) Sudan: Floods 2018 page 4.

Data extracted from dataset

Year	Start_Date	End_Date	Date	source_ID	admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp	Impact type	Impact_quantity	Impact_quality
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	Locality	West Kordofan	Elnohoud			houses damaged_totaly	2500
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	Locality	West Kordofan	Einhoud			houses_damaged_partially	1500
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	State	West Kordofan				deaths	6
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	State	West Kordofan				missing people	3
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	State	West Kordofan				Injured	49
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	State	West Kordofan				livestock deaths	121
2018	23/07/2018	30/07/2018	23/07/2018	2018_IFRC_20180813	State	West Kordofan				water infrastructure_damage	3

SUDAN FLOOD RESPONSE HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS UPDATE BY STATE #3 (as of 19 Oct, 2020)

The map on the first page shows affecte population per state. This information can be extracted.

Data extracted from dataset

Year	Start_Date	End_Date	Date	source_ID	admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp	Impact type	Impact_quantity	Impact quality
2020	07/2020	09/2020	2020 OCHA 20201025	State	Northern					pop_affected	125660
2020	07/2020	09/2020	2020 OCHA 20201025	State	River Nile					pop_affected	33225
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…

Humanitarian Bulletin Sudan Issue 35 | 22 - 28 August 2016

Data extracted from dataset

Year	Start_Date	End_Date	Date	source_ID	admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp	Impact type	Impact_quantity	Impact quality
2016	06/2016	09/2016	2016 OCHA 20160828	State	Kassala					affected		yes
2016	06/2016	09/2016	2016 OCHA 20160828	State	South Darfur					affected		yes
2016	06/2016	09/2016	2016 OCHA 20160828	State	Al Gezira					affected		yes
2016	06/2016	09/2016	2016 OCHA 20160828	State	Sennar					affected		yes
…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…	…

Sudan Floods Countinue (FloodList)

The quote below is just one bit of relevant information from the flood list article.

Data extracted from dataset

Year	Start_Date	End_Date	Date	source_ID	admin_level	admin_1	admin_2	admin_3	admin_camp	Impact type	Impact_quantity	Impact quality
2013	01/08/2013	21/08/21	11/08/2013	2013 Floodlist 201308	Camp	South Darfur	Bellel		Kalma Camp	deaths	14
2014	01/08/2014	21/08/22	11/08/2014	2014 Floodlist 201308	Camp	South Darfur	Bellel		Kalma Camp	houses_damaged_totaly	874

Tipps for data compiling

Compiling the data in EXCEL is a time-intensive and repeatable task. Here are some tips to speed up the process:

Excel copy function:

Try to use the copy function of Excel as much as possible. When taking info from a map, the information in the columns, year, start_date, end_date, date, Source_ID, and admin_level usually stay the same. So you can just copy and paste this information. In most cases, you should only write the name of location, Impact_type, Impact_quality and Impact_quantity.

Use ChatGPT:

If you encounter tables that do not fit into your table structure use ChatGPT to turn them into a long table format. For example, look at the image in the table below.

You can copy the content which produces this text:

DREF Final Report Sudan: Floods 31 May 2013

Affected 
State
Locality Houses damage Institutions Sanitation Death 
of 
Animals
Damage 
to 
property 
crops, 
livestock
Wounded
of Death
No of people 
affected
completely
partially
Completely
partially
Completely
partially
Sinnar Abohojar/Senja 3,651 4,819 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 34,562
Kasalla Algrba/Wad 
helio
4,875 2,047 165 44 641 17 0 0 0 35 28,245
White Nile Alrgig/Tandlti/A
lsalam
1,800 1,348 0 0 0 0 0 865 7 7 12,845
Gadarif Aalgalabat/Alma
faza/Alfaw
406 591 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,068
Khartoum Khartoum 931 1,963 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 17,364
Algeziara Um Algora 521 110 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,786
West Darfur Benddsi/Wadi 
Salih
1,600 576 0 0 572 0 0 4 0 4 13,056
Blue Nile Aldamazain/Ba
w
381 2,785 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 18,996
Northern Elbrgig/Aldaba 66 302 0 7 0 60 115 0 0 0 2,208
South 
Darfur
Kubom 1,000 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,000
River Nile Albawga/Shandi
/Aldamir
54 31 0 0 43 40 0 0 0 0 510
North 
Kordofan0
Shikan/Um 
Roaba
370 2,511 0 0 669 0 0 0 0 0 17,286
South 
Kordofan
Aldebb 600 533 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 6,798
Total 16,225 18,616 167 59 1,945 117 115 865 7 49 177,724

Go to ChatGPT and use a prompt like „Can you turn this information taken from a Table into a long table format?“ + the table as text

Probably you will have to ask ChatGPT to give you the whole table. Something like: “Super good! Can you give me a table on the other states as well? “

Use Gemini AI:

Google Gemini Can also handle images. For example, it can turn this graph into a table which is much easier to handle than copying everything by hand.

The resulting table can easily be adjusted in Excel.

State	Affected People	Deaths
AL GEZIRA	23,280	26
BLUE NILE	1,930	-
E. DARFUR	150	-
GEDAREF	11,355	13
KASSALA	55,880	6
KHARTOUM	4,305	2
N. DARFUR	7,367	-
N. KORDOFAN	5,310	4
NORTHERN	3,210	-
RED SEA	520	3
RIVER NILE	N/A	-
SENNAR	16,980	-
S. DARFUR	38,575	17
S. KORDOFAN	10,812	7
W. DARFUR	285	13
W. KORDOFAN	14,340	6
WHITE NILE	10,160	1

Step 6: HIA Data Cleaning

When creating such a dataset there will be errors like misspellings of names or wrong numbers. To address that you will need to clean the dataset before actually using it. To clean the dataset you can use Excel or specialized tools like OpenRefein.

Independently on which tool you will use, here are some important points you have to check when cleaning the data:

1. Year and Columns:

   • Check if all values are within the expected range of years.

   • Ensure that there are no missing or invalid year values becaus we need a year information for all data

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Text facet” or “Numeric facet” to explore the distribution of values in the Year column. Use the “Text filter” or “Numeric filter” to filter out any rows with invalid or missing year values.

2. Date Columns (Start_Date, End_Date, Date):

   • Check if all dates are in the correct date format.

   • Ensure that there are no inconsistent date values.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Edit cells” > “Common transforms” > “To date” option to convert date columns to a standard date format. Use the “Text facet” to identify and correct any inconsistencies in formatting or missing dates.

3. source_ID Column:

   • Check that there is only one way of spelling for every individual source_ID!

   • Check if all source IDs follow a consistent naming convention.

   • Ensure that there are no missing source IDs.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Text facet” to explore the distribution of values in each admin level column. Click on Cluster and set Method to Key collisionor Nearest neighbor. Adjust wrong names by checking Merge and adjust the New cell value and click on Merge selected & re-cluster

4. Admin Columns (admin_level, admin_1, admin_2, admin_3, admin_camp):

   • Check if all administrative units are correctly categorized.

   • Ensure that there are no misspelled or inconsistent administrative unit names.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Text facet” to explore the distribution of values in each admin level column. Click on Cluster and set Method to Key collision or Nearest neighbor. Consolidate the of states and loclities that they are consisten with the list in the location chapter.Adjust wrong names by checking Merge and adjust the New cell value and click on Merge selected & re-cluster

5. Impact Type Column:

   • Check if all impact types are correctly categorized and named.

   • Ensure that there are no duplicate or missing impact types.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Text facet” to explore the distribution of values in each admin level column. Click on Cluster and set Method to Key collision or Nearest neighbor. Adjust wrong names by checking Merge and adjust the New cell value and click on Merge selected & re-cluster

6. Impact Quantity Columns:

   • Check if all numerical values are within expected ranges.

   • Ensure that there are no missing or invalid numerical values.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Numeric facet” to explore the distribution of values in each numerical column. Use the “Edit cells” or “Transform” option to handle missing or invalid values, and standardize formatting.

7. Impact Quality Columns:

   • Check that the same impacts are spelt consistently. For example illness names.

   • OpenRefine Step: Use the “Text facet” to explore the distribution of values in each admin level column. Click on Cluster and set Method to Key collision or Nearest neighbor. Adjust wrong names by checking Merge and adjust the New cell value and click on Merge selected & re-cluster

8. Delete redundant data

   • It might be the case that you have for one flood event, multiple information on for example affected populations for the same location. This could later be a problem when you want to analyse the data. Probably, the reddened information is from two different sources. So you can delete the information of the older source and only keep the one from the up-to-date source as possible.

Step 7: Adding P-Codes to the table

Create a new empty Excel file and name it Sudan_impact_p_code.

Open the new Excel file and click on the Data tab. Click on Data -> Get Data -> From File -> From Excel Workbook and select your cleaned impact data file from the previous section HIA Data Cleaning. We will enrich the information of this table by adding the P-Codes.

The Navigator Window will open. Select the relevant Excel sheet. Click on the drop-down menu Load -> Load To.... The Import Data Window will open. Here select Only Create Connection.

Repeat the previous two steps for the file sdn_adminboundaries_tabulardata.xlsx. Select the sheet ADM1. The data can be downloaded from HDX containing the Subnational Administrative Boundaries of Sudan. Here we can find information about the different administrative levels of Sudan beginning with 0 (country), 1 (state), and 2 (district). Make sure to download the xlsx file.

Once you have loaded both files you should see the Queries & Connections panel on the right-hand side of your Excel. The panel should show the impact sheet and the ADM1 sheet.

Now, click on the Data tab -> Get Data -> Combine Queries -> Merge. The window Merge should open.

In the Merge window, select the admin_1 column for the impact dataset and the ADM1_EN for the ADM1 table. Click on these columns to mark them green.

Under Join Kind select Left Outer (all from first, matching from second). This will take all rows from the impact dataset and the matching data from the ADM1 table. The information below should show a green check and The selection matches [number of rows] of [number of rows] rows from the first table. If not, some of your state names are not consistent with the ones in the ADM1 file. In this case, you would need to do more data cleaning and make sure that naming conventions are met. Click Ok.

The new window Merge1 – Power Query Editor will open. Click on the icon next to ADM1 (column header). Select only the columns you want to keep. We recommend to only keep ADM1_EN and most importantly ADM1_PCODE. Uncheck Use original column names as prefix and click OK.

The table preview should now show your entire impact table with the columns ADM1_EN and ADM1_PCODE on the right end of the table. Click on Close & Load.

The result should be in the Excel file Sudan_impact_p_code. The file should contain all the information from the original impact table and the two new columns ADM1_EN and ADM1_PCODE with this important information for later operations.

Video: How to combine Workbooks using Excel

Step 8: Data export from Excel to QGIS

Now we have our impact dataset cleaned and ready to use. Since the dataset is a long table we cannot use it as a normal table in Excel. To get the data in a format so we can use it in QGIS or create a graph out of it, we need to pivot it. Depending on your work with impact quantity or quality, there are small differences. Here is how you do it:

Impact Quantity for one year on state level:

1. Open the Excel dataset.

2. Turn the data in a table by clicking on Insert -> Table-> check My table has headers

3. Also under the Insert-Tab click on Pivot Table. Make sure your table range is correct. Check New Worksheet. Click OK.

4. Setup the pivot table by placing the columns as follows:

• Filter: Start_year

• Columns: Impact_Type

• Rows: admin_1 or admin_1_PCODE (If you want to use this table in QGIS, you should use admin_1_PCODE Instead of admin_1)

• Values: Impact_quantity

5. To see the sum of the different impacts click on Impact_quantity under Values -> Value Field Settings -> select Sum.

6. Directly above the pivot table, you should see the option to filter by year. Select the year you are interested in. For the following example the year 2020 was used.

Now you can just copy the whole table, and place it in a new worksheet. Make sure to only paste the values. Save this output as a CSV-file, this will make the import of the subset into QGIS easier. Now we can use this table to join it with an existing geodataset in QGIS.

Step 9: Data analysis in QGIS

Visualise impact quantity data for one year on state level in QGIS

1. Import the previously created CSV file into QGIS. Open the Data Source Manager and select the Delimited Text section. Here you can input your CSV-file and depending on the File Format you need to define Costum delimiters or you can just select CSV. Always check the Sample Data output at the bottom to see if the import is working as expected. You propably will also need to check the Record and Fields Options and specify if your first record is a header or already data. Lastly, it is important to specify the Geometry Definition, were you can just select No geometry. An example will be shown in Fig. 296.

Note

To ensure easy data import into QGIS, export the filtered long table data as a CSV file.

Fig. 287 Import of the CSV data

2. For this example we will use geodata that contains information about the states of Sudan. Make sure that your geodata has the admin_1_PCODE column that will be used for joining the table data with the geodata. We will use the tool Join attributes by field value. And select the corresponding columns. This is shown in Fig. 297 below.

Fig. 288 Join the table information onto the geodata

The information can now be visualized on a spatial scale and maps can be created to transport important information. An example could be to visualize the total affected population for the year of 2020 on state level. But we can also visualize more specific impact types such as damaged schools or damaged sanitation. This is how such a map could look like.

Fig. 289 Example map

Flood events in Sudanese states for all the recorded years

In this section we want to analyse and visualise all recorded flooding events for all the Sudanese state. With our filter for the Impact-Type we derive information for the years 2003 until 2021.

1. In the first step we will create a new pivot table and store it in a new sheet. Here we will specify the following:

• Columns: Impact_Type

• Rows: admin_1_PCODE

• Values: Count of impact_quality

2. Now we want to filter the columns labels to the following impact types:

• Event

• Flash-flood

• Flood

• Flooding

We also want to include the Event and Flash-floods as these types can also be associated with flooding events as a result of heavy rainfall, seasonal rainfall, etc. We also want to make sure that we rename the column containing the sum of the flooding events to Sum flood events.

3. Now we export this excel sheet as a CSV file and import it into QGIS. We will open the Data Source Manager and select the Delimited Text section. Here we need to do the following specifications (Fig. 299).

Note

Always check the Sample Data window to see what your data looks like. These specifications may not always be applicable to your data, and you may need to make minor adjustments.

Fig. 290 Import of the CSV data

4. The next step follows the same logic as step 2 in the previous example. We will use geodata that contains information about the states of Sudan and join them with the imported CSV data. We will use the Join attributes by field value tool and select the ADM1_PCODE as the table field used for the join. An example is shown in Fig. 300.

Fig. 291 Join the table information onto the geodata

5. Now we can visualise our results using Graduated and selecting the corresponding column of the attribute table Sum flood events. Select an appropriate color scheme and start creating your map. Your final product could look like Fig. 301.

Fig. 292 Example map

We can expand this analysis by also including the affected population an calculate the average number of affected population per flood event on state level.

6. We continue with creating a new pivot table. We will do the following specifications:

• Columns: Impact_Type

• Rows: admin_1_PCODE

• Values: Sum of Impact_quantity

Again we will apply a filter to the column labels and select the impact type Pop_affected. Also make sure to rename the Grand total to Sum affected pop. Export the subset as a CSV file.

7. The next steps in QGIS will follow the same logic as before. Import the data and join the table onto your output from the previous task. This will look the following Fig. 293.

Fig. 293 Join the table information onto the geodata with the flood information.

8. Now we will calculate the the average number of affected population per flood event on state level. To do so, we need to activate the editing mode for our geodata clicking on this symbol . In the next step we will open the Field calculator . Here we will calculate the sum of the affected population divided by the number of flood events for each state. Your calculation will look like Fig. 294.

Fig. 294 Calculate the average number of affected population per flood event on state level.

9. Visualise the results and create a map.

Note

Two states have NULL values and will not appear when styling the data. The original admin1 Sudan dataset can be used as a mask with the correct styling to include them in our map. This way, we can display the state boundaries without adding any new content.

Fig. 295 Example map