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:link: https://giscience.github.io/gis-training-resource-center/english/content/en/intro.html
{octicon}`home-fill;1.5em;sd-text-danger`
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# Exercise 4: Flooding in Nigeria
## Characteristics of the exercise
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__Aim of the exercise__
^^^
In this exercise, you will learn how to digitise the positions of settlements by creating new datasets. Furthermore, you will learn how to enrich the simple geodata set with additional information.
__Type of trainings exercise:__
- This exercise can be used in online and presence training.
- It can be done as a follow-along exercise or individually as a self-study.
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__These skills are relevant for__
^^^
- The skills tested in this exercise are necessary for all GIS-users.
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__Estimated time demand for the exercise__
^^^
- The exercise takes around 1 hour to complete, depending on the number of participants and trainers.
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__Relevant Wiki Articles__:
^^^
* [QGIS Interface](../Wiki/en_qgis_interface_wiki.md)
* [Types of Geodata](../Wiki/en_qgis_geodata_types_wiki.md)
* [Geodata Import in QGIS](../Wiki/en_qgis_import_geodata_wiki.md)
* [Layer Concept](../Wiki/en_qgis_layer_concept_wiki.md)
* [Attribute table](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md)
* [Table function - Add field](../Wiki/en_qgis_table_functions_wiki.md)
* [Geodata Classification- Categorized](/content/Wiki/en_qgis_categorized_wiki.md)
* [Geodata Classification- Graduated](../Wiki/en_qgis_graduated_wiki.md)
* [Digitization- Point data](https://giscience.github.io/gis-training-resource-center/english/content/en/Wiki/en_qgis_digitisation_wiki.html#add-geometries-to-a-layer)
:::
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## Instructions for the trainers
:::{dropdown} __Trainers Corner__
### Prepare the training
- Take the time to familiarise yourself with the exercise and the provided material.
- Prepare a white-board. It can be either a physical whiteboard, a flip-chart, or a digital whiteboard (e.g. Miro board) where the participants can add their findings and questions.
- Before starting the exercise, make sure everybody has installed QGIS and has downloaded __and unzipped__ the data folder.
- Check out [How to do trainings?](../Trainers_corner/en_how_to_training.md#how-to-do-trainings) for some general tips on facilitating trainings.
### Conduct the training
__Introduction:__
- Introduce the idea and aim of the exercise.
- Provide the download link and make sure everybody has unzipped the folder before beginning the tasks.
__Follow-along:__
- Show and explain each step yourself at least twice and slow enough so everybody can see what you are doing, and follow along in their own QGIS-project.
- Make sure that everybody is following along and doing the steps themselves by periodically asking if anybody needs help or if everybody is still following.
- Be open and patient to every question or problem that might come up. Your participants are essentially multitasking by paying attention to your instructions and orienting themselves in their own QGIS-project.
__Wrap up:__
- Leave time for any issues or questions concerning the tasks at the end of the exercise.
- Leave some time for open questions.
:::
## Data sources
Download the data folder [here](https://nexus.heigit.org/repository/gis-training-resource-center/Module_3/Exercise_1/Module_3_Exercise_1_Flood_Nigeria.zip) and save it on your PC. Unzip the .zip file.
The folder is called “Module_3_Exercise_1_Flood_Nigeria" and contains the entire [standard folder structure](../Wiki/en_qgis_projects_folder_structure_wiki.md#standard-folder-structure) with all data in the input folder and the additional documentation in the documentation folder.
* [Nigeria: Administrative Division with Aggregated Population ("kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628.gpkg")](https://data.humdata.org/dataset/kontur-boundaries-nigeria)-Kontor
* [Nigeria : Flood data (“Nigeria_flood_2022_affacted_population”)](https://data.humdata.org/dataset/nigeria-nema-flood-affected-geographical-areasnorth-east-nigeria-flood-affected-geographical-areas)- UN OCHA. This dataset was manipulated for training purposes.
* [Satellite detected water extents between 1 and 25 October 2022 over Nigeria (VIIRS_20220901_20220930_MaximumFloodWaterExtent_Nigeria.shp)](https://data.humdata.org/dataset/satellite-detected-water-extents-between-1-and-25-october-2022-over-nigeria?force_layout=desktop) UNOSAT
## Tasks
Our goal is to produce an overview of the impact of the 2022 flood in the state of Burco in Nigeria. To this end, we will visualise the state and the affected districts, plus we will digitise communities which are reportedly affected.
1. Open QGIS and create a [new project](../Wiki/en_qgis_projects_folder_structure_wiki.md#step-by-step-setting-up-a-new-qgis-project-from-scratch) by clicking on `Project` → `New`.
2. Once the project is created [save the project](../Wiki/en_qgis_projects_folder_structure_wiki.md#save) in the “project” folder of the exercise “Module_3_Exercise_1_Flood_Nigeria”. To do that click on `Project` → `Save as` and navigate to the folder. Name the project “Nigeria_Borno_flood_2022”.
3. Load the GeoPackage "kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628.gpkg" in your project by drag and drop ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_import_geodata_wiki.md#open-vector-data-via-drag-and-drop)). Or click on `Layer` → `Add Layer` → `Add Vector Layer`. Click on the three points  and navigate to "kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628.gpkg". Select the file and click `Open`. Back in QGIS click `Add` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_import_geodata_wiki.md#open-vector-data-via-layer-tab)).
This dataset contains all administrative division areas (admin 0 to 5) with the respective population of the areas.
:::{Attention}
GeoPackage files can contain multiple files and even entire QGIS projects. When you load such a file in QGIS a window will appear in which you have to select the files you want to load in your QGIS project.
:::
4. First, we want to export Borno state from kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628 to have it as a stand-alone vector layer. To do that:
* Open the attribute table of "kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628" by right click on the layer → `Open Attribute Table` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md)).
* Find the row of Borno state and mark it by clicking on the number on the very left-hand side of the attribute table. The row will appear blue and the area of Borno state will turn yellow on the map canvas. You can right-click on the row and click `Zoom to Feature` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md#zoom-in-on-a-specific-feature)).
* Now right-click on the layer in the Layer Panel and click on `Export` → `Save Selected Features as`. We want to save Borno as a GeoPackage, so adjust `Format` accordingly. Click on the three points and navigate to your `temp` folder. Here you can give it the layer the name “AOI_Borno_admin1” and click `Save`. Now you should see the same name in the `Layer name` field. Click `OK` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_non_spatial_queries_wiki.md#save-selected-features-as-a-new-file))
5. In the next steps, we want to create a vector layer with admin 2 areas or in Nigeria called Local Government Areas (LGA) with the population in our project.
Since we only want the LGAs we need to export those from the original dataset.
* Open the attribute table of the layer "kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628" by right-clicking on the layer → `Attribute Table` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md)). Check out the attribute table. You see two columns of admin levels "admin levels" and "[osm_admin_levels](https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Key:admin_level)". Both have different values. In the [metadata](https://data.humdata.org/dataset/kontur-boundaries-nigeria) of the dataset on HDX, we can see that the column "osm_admin_levels" refers to the admin levels used in OpenStreetMaps (OSM). There is a [list](https://wiki.openstreetmap.org/wiki/Tag:boundary%3Dadministrative#10_admin_level_values_for_specific_countries) of which official admin levels correspond to which OSM admin levels. The LGAs correspond to osm admin __level 6__. This means we want to export all features with `osm_admin_level` = `6`.
* To export exactly these features we will use the tool `Extract by attribute`. Open the `Processing Toolbox` ([here is how](../Wiki/en_qgis_interface_wiki.md#toolbox-toolbars)) and search for the tool.
Open the tool and choose as `Input Layer` the “kontur_boundaries_NG_20230628.gpkg“ layer. Under `Selection attribute` choose the column `osm_admin_level`. The `Operator` has to be `=` and as `value` we use `6` since the LGAs have the osm_admin_level 6.
* Under `Extracted (attribute)`, click on the three dots → `Save to GeoPackage`, navigate to your `temp` folder, and call the new layer “Nigeria_admin2_pop”. Click `Save`. Give the layer the same name ( “Nigeria_admin2_pop”). Click `OK` and then click `Run`.
6. Now we need to extract all LGAs in Borno. For that, we will use the Tool `Extract by Location` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_non_spatial_queries_wiki.md#select-by-expression)). Search the tool in the `Processing Toolbox` and open it.
* As `Input Layer` we will use “Nigeria_admin2_pop”.
* For `By comparing to the features from` we use the layer “AOI_Borno_admin1”.
* As `Geometric predicate` we use `are within`.
* To save the output click on the three points at `Extract (location)` → `Save to GeoPackage` and navigate to your `temp` folder. Save the new layer under the name "Borno_admin2_pop". Give the new layer the same `Layer name` and click `Run`.
* Open the Attribute table of the new layer. You should have 27 features.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_extract_by_location_nigeria_flood.png
---
width: 400px
name: m3ex4_extract_by_location
align: center
---
:::
7. We have our admin areas in place and can now start to enrich these layer with additional data regarding the flood of 2022.
Open the Excel or pdf file "Nigeria_flood_2022_affacted_population" and open the sheet Borno. You find a table with the LGAs and communities which were affected by the flood. Now we want to add some of the information to our “Borno_admin2_pop” layer. For that, there are two ways. One simple, but more time-consuming, and one more complicated, but much faster. We will show the easy way, but in the dropdown below you can find the tutorial for the advanced way as well.
* Open the attribute table of “Borno_admin2_pop” and activate the editing mode by clicking on  ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md#attribute-table-data-editing)). Now you are able to edit the data directly in the table.
* First, we add a new column with the name “Flood_affacted”. To do so, click on . In the `Add field` window, you have to add the name and set the `Type` to `Text(string)`. Click `OK` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md#add-new-column)).
* In the next step check in the Excel/PDF table which LGAs were affected and put “Yes” in the attribute table for those LGAs.
* When you are done, click  to save your edits and switch off the editing mode by again clicking on  ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_attribute_table_wiki.md#attribute-table-data-editing)).
8. To visualise the enriched data set, we use the function "Categorized Classification" function. This means that we select a column from the attribute table and use the content as categories to sort and display the data ([Wiki Video](/content/Wiki/en_qgis_categorized_wiki.md)).
* Right-click on the layer "Borno_admin2_pop" in the `Layer Panel` → `Properties`. A new window will open up with a vertical tab section on the left. Navigate to the `Symbology` tab.
* On the top you find a dropdown menu. Open it and choose `Categorized`. Under `Value` select "Flood_affected".
* Further down the window, click on `Classify`. Now you should see all unique values or attributes of the selected “Flood_affected” column. You can adjust the colours by double-clicking on one row in the central field. Once you are done, click `Apply` and `OK` to close the symbology window.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_categorized_classification_nigeria_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 600px
name: m3ex4_classification
align: center
---
:::
9. Next, we want to visualise the affected communities which are listed in the Nigeria_flood_2022_affected_population table. To find these communities in QGIS, we need two things. An OpenStreetMap base map and the plugin `OSM Place Search`.
* To add the OSM as a base map click on `Layer` → `Add Layer` → `Add XYZ Layer…`. Choose `OpenStreetMap` and click `Add`.
Arrange your layer in the `Layer Panel` so the OSM is at the bottom ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_basemaps_wiki.md)).
:::{Tip}
You cannot interact with a base map!
:::
* To add the plugin `OSM Place Search`, click on `Plugins` → `Manage and Install Plugins…` → `All` and search for `OSM Place Search`. Once you have found it, click on it and click `Install Plugin`. You can open the `OSM Place Search Panel` like every other panel by clicking on `View` → `Panels` and checking `OSM Place Search Panel` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_plugins_wiki.md#installation-of-plugins)).
* In the panel, you can search for places on the OpenStreetMap by typing the name of the place in the search bar. Often it makes sense to add additional information like the name of the country. For example, try "Laujeri Bulama, Nigeria".
10. Now we have all our tools in place. In the next step, we create a new point vector layer from scratch to digitise the location of the affected communities.
* Click on `Layer` → `Create Layer` → `New GeoPackage Layer` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_digitisation_wiki.md#create-a-new-layer))
- Under `Database` click on  and navigate to `temp` folder. Give the new dataset the name "Borno_affected_communities_point". Click `Save`.
* `Geometry type`: Select `Point`.
- Under `Additional dimension` you should always make sure that you check `None`.
- Select the coordinate reference system (CRS) "EPSG:4326-WGS 84". By default, the QGIS selects the project CRS.
- Under `New Field` you can add columns to the new layer. Add the column "Name".
* `Name` = "Name"
* `Type`: Select `Text Data`
* Click on `Add to Fields List`  to add the new column to the `Fields List`.
* Click `OK`.
* Your new layer will appear in the `Layer Panel`.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_create_point_layer_nigeria_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 400px
name: m3ex4_create_point_layer
align: center
---
:::
11. Currently the new “Borno_affected_communities_point” is empty. To add features we can use the `Digitizing Toolbar`. If you cannot see the toolbar, use `View` → `Toolbars` and check `Digitizing Toolbar` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_digitisation_wiki.md#creation-of-point-data)). 
* Select the point layer “Borno_affected_communities_point” in the Layer panel. Go to the digitisation toolbar and click on. Now the layer is in the editing mode.
* Search an affected community based on the table “Nigeria_flood_2022_affacted_population”. Once you have found one, click on . Left-click on the feature you want to digitise.
* Once you click, a window will appear ` Borno_affected_communities_point Feature Attribute`. Here you can add the name of the location.
* Repeat the same process for as many communities as you like.
* Once you are done with digitising click on  to save your edits.
* Click again on  to end the editing mode.
12. In this step, we want to add information about the population to the map. This will help us to visualise where the most people are potentially affected.
Since the layer "Borno_admin2_pop" contains this information we can dublicate this layer.
* To do that right click on the layer → `Duplicate Layer`. The name of the new layer will be "Borno_admin2_pop_copy".
13. Since absolute population numbers are natural numbers, we cannot use categorised classification. Instead, we use the option `Graduated` ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_graduated_wiki.md)).
* Right-click on the layer “Borno_admin2_pop_copy” in the `Layer Panel` → `Properties`. A new window will open up with a vertical tab section on the left. Navigate to the `Symbology` tab.
* On the top you find a dropdown menue. Open it and choose `Graduated`.
* Under `Value` select "Population".
* `Color ramp`: Select a white-to-green color ramp. Since we want to visualise the population, it is important to use neutral colours.
* `Mode`: Equal Count (Quantile)
* `Classes`: 5
* Click `Classify`.
* Click `Apply`.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_graduated_classification_nigeria_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 600px
name: m3ex4_graduated_classif
align: center
---
:::
14. QGIS created now five classes covering the entire range of population numbers in Borno state. Click on the `Histogram` Tab → `Load Values`. Here you see the distribution of values in the dataset and the limits of the classes. We see that most LGAs have a population below 300 people. Try out some of the other modes of classification, such as natural breaks or equal intervals.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_graduated_classification_Histogram_nigeria_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 400px
name: m3ex4_histogram
align: center
---
:::
15. To visualise “Borno_admin2_pop” (showing affected LGAs) and “Borno_admin2_pop_copy” (showing population data) together, we need to change the symbology of "Borno_admin2_pop".
First, right-click on the layer “Borno_admin2_pop” in the `Layer Panel` → `Properties`. A new window will open up with a vertical tab section on the left. Navigate to the `Symbology` tab.
Currently, we use the `Categorized` classification. We want to keep that. However, we only want to show affected LGAs. Hence, we uncheck the row that corresponds to the LGAs without `Affected` = `Yes`.
* Right-click on the layer "Borno_admin2_pop" in the `Layer Panel` → `Properties`. A new window will open up with a vertical tab section on the left. Navigate to the `Symbology` tab.
* Then, do a double-click on the `Yes` row. Here we have two options. We can use a grid or only the borders.
* To use a grid scroll down and select one that suits you. Then click `OK`.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_grid_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 600px
align: center
---
:::
* To only use borders, click on `simple fill` → `Fill style` and select `No Brusch`. Adjust the `Stroke Color` to a red or another bride colour. Increase the `Stroke width` to make the borders bigger. Then click `OK`.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_now_brush_nigeria_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 400px
align: center
---
:::
16. For a more detailed idea of the flood extend we can load the layer "VIIRS_20220901_20220930_MaximumFloodWaterExtent_Nigeria.shp" which shows the maximum extent of surface water between 9th and 30th October 2022. If you like you can also load "VIIRS_20220901_20220930_PermanentWater_Nigeria.shp". This layer shows lakes and other permanent surface water features.
Once you have loaded the layers in QGIS, you can see that they are correctly displayed. However, upon checking the layer information, you can see that the new layers have a different Coordinate Reference System (CRS). They have the EPSG Code 9707 whereas our project has 4326 ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_projections_wiki.md#how-to-check-epsg-code-crs-of-layer-data)).
* Right click on the data layer, click on `Properties`.
* The "Layer Properties"-window of the data layer will open. Click on `Information`.
* Under the headline "Coordinate Reference System (CRS)" you find all information about the CRS. The most important are:
- __Name:__ Here you find the EPSG Code.
- __Unites:__ Here you can find whether it is possible to use meters with this data layer or latitude and longitude.
17. This will be a problem as soon as we do something different then just displaying the layers. Since we want to manipulate the layers in the next step we need to reproject them first ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_projections_wiki.md#changing-the-projection-of-a-vector-layer)).
* Click on the `Vector` Tab → `Data Management Tools` → `Reproject Layer` or search for the tool in the `Processing Toolbox`.
* As `Input layer` select "VIIRS_20220901_20220930_MaximumFloodWaterExtent_Nigeria.shp".
* Select as target CRS/ EPSG-Code __4326__.
* Save the new file in your `temp` folder by clicking on the three dots  next to `Reprojected`, specify the file name as "Flood_extand_Nigeria_october_2022_reprojected.
* Click `Run`.
* Delete the old layer from the layer panel by right click on the layer → `Remove layer`.
18. The flood extend layer covers the entirety of Nigeria. We can use the `Clip` tool to cut it to the shape of Borno state ([Wiki Video](../Wiki/en_qgis_geoprocessing_wiki.md#clip)).
* Open the `Processing Toolbox` ([here is how](../Wiki/en_qgis_interface_wiki.md#toolbox-toolbars)) and search for the `Clip` tool.
:::{Note}
There are __two__ versions of the `Clip` tool. Since we work with vector data, make sure to use the one under "Vector overlay".
:::
* `Input layer`: "VIIRS_20220901_20220930_MaximumFloodWaterExtent_Nigeria.shp”
* `Overlay layer`: “AOI_Borno_admin1”
* To save the output click on the three points at `Clipped` → `Save to GeoPackage`and navigate to your `temp` folder. Save the new layer under the name "Flood_extend_october_2022_reprojected_Borno". Give the new layer the same `Layer name` and click `Run`.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_clip_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 400px
align: center
---
:::
Great, we have done our visualisation. WELL DONE!
Your results should look similar to the image below.
:::{figure} ../../../fig/en_qgis_result_flood_exercise.png
---
width: 600px
align: center
---
:::